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Suggested terms: Environmental Studies
Click one for hint, twice for full word
face up to
Meaning: To confront or deal with something difficult or threatening.
Example: Urban blackbirds face up to threats that rural ones avoid.
frighten away
Meaning: To scare someone or something so that they leave or avoid a situation.
Example: Loud noises frighten away rural blackbirds more easily than urban ones.
cope with
Meaning: To manage or deal successfully with something difficult.
Example: Small mammals had to cope with new dangers in the city.
long-term implications
Meaning: Possible future effects or consequences of something.
Example: Researchers are considering the long-term implications of urban adaptations in animals.
upheaval
IPA: /ʌpˈhiː.vəl/ (UK), /ʌpˈhiː.vəl/ (US)
Meaning: A sudden, major change or disruption.
Meaning: A sudden, major change or disruption.
Example: Urban environments represent huge upheavals in evolutionary terms.
specimen
IPA: /ˈspes.ɪ.mən/ (UK), /ˈspes.ə.mən/ (US)
Meaning: An individual animal, plant, or sample studied scientifically.
Meaning: An individual animal, plant, or sample studied scientifically.
Example: Snellrud examined specimens of urbanized mammals collected over 100 years.
cognitive
IPA: /ˈkɒɡ.nɪ.tɪv/ (UK), /ˈkɑːɡ.nə.tɪv/ (US)
Meaning: Related to mental processes such as thinking, learning, and memory.
Meaning: Related to mental processes such as thinking, learning, and memory.
Example: The jump in brain size suggests cognitive demands of city life.
endocrine system
IPA: /ˈen.də.krɪn ˌsɪs.təm/ (UK), /ˈen.doʊ.krɪn ˌsɪs.təm/ (US)
Meaning: The system of glands that produce hormones regulating body functions.
Meaning: The system of glands that produce hormones regulating body functions.
Example: Animals reduce hormone release through their endocrine system to adapt to stress in cities.
prevalent
IPA: /ˈprev.əl.ənt/ (UK), /ˈprev.əl.ənt/ (US)
Meaning: Common or widespread in a particular area or situation.
Meaning: Common or widespread in a particular area or situation.
Example: Tail-waving communication is more prevalent among squirrels in noisy urban environments.
Other Listening Exercises
Cambridge 13 Listening Test 1 - Section 4
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